Memoranda on the Indian States 1934 [Corrected up to 1st January 1934].

One of the most important events of the 19th century was the rise of Indian nationalism,[398] leading Indians to seek first "self-rule" and later "complete independence" from British rule. The first step toward Indian self-rule was the appointment of councillors to advise the British viceroy in 1861 and the first Indian was appointed in 1909. Provincial Councils with Indian members were also set up. The councillors' participation was subsequently widened into legislative councils. From 1920 leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi began highly popular mass movements to campaign against the British Raj using largely peaceful methods.